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Julius Martov

Yuliy Osipovich Tsederbaum}} (24 November 1873 – 4 April 1923), better known as Julius Martov,}} was a Russian revolutionary and the leader of the Mensheviks, the minority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). A close friend and collaborator of Vladimir Lenin in the early years of their revolutionary careers, he became his chief rival after the RSDLP split at its Second Congress in 1903.

Born into a middle-class, assimilated Jewish family in Constantinople, Martov became a Marxist activist in the Russian Empire in the early 1890s. With Lenin, he co-founded the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class in 1895. Both were arrested shortly after and exiled to Siberia. After his exile, Martov joined Lenin and Georgy Plekhanov in founding the party newspaper ''Iskra'', which became the primary organ of the RSDLP. At the Second Party Congress, Martov's proposal for the definition of party membership, which was broader and more inclusive than Lenin's, was passed. However, Lenin's faction won a vote on the composition of the party's Central Committee, leading to the historic split between Lenin's Bolsheviks ("majority-ites") and Martov's Mensheviks ("minority-ites").

As the leader of the Mensheviks, Martov developed a distinct political philosophy. During the 1905 Russian Revolution, he argued that Russia was only ready for a "bourgeois revolution" and that socialists should remain an opposition force, not seize power. He was a leading internationalist voice during World War I, playing a key role in the Zimmerwald movement that opposed the war. After the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to Russia but refused to join the Provisional Government and condemned his fellow Mensheviks who did.

Following the October Revolution, Martov became the leader of the legal opposition to the Bolshevik government. He denounced the Red Terror, the dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly, and the suppression of democratic rights, while simultaneously opposing foreign intervention and the White movement during the Russian Civil War. Forced into exile in 1920, he founded the newspaper ''Socialist Courier'' (''Sotsialisticheskii Vestnik'') in Berlin, which remained a publication of the Mensheviks in exile for decades. Gravely ill with tuberculosis for much of his life, he died in Germany in 1923. His biographer Israel Getzler described him as "the Hamlet of Democratic Socialism" for his intellectual brilliance, political integrity, and perceived indecisiveness at crucial moments. Provided by Wikipedia