Mohamed Choukri

Mohamed Choukri (Arabic: محمد شكري, Amazigh: ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴻⴷ ⵛⵓⴽⵔⵉ) (15 July 193515November 2003) was a Moroccan author and novelist who is best known for his internationally acclaimed autobiography ''For Bread Alone'' (''al-Khubz al-Hafi''), which was described by the American playwright Tennessee Williams as "a true document of human desperation, shattering in its impact".

Choukri was born in 1935 in Ayt Chiker (Ayt Chiker, hence his adopted family name: Choukri / Chikri), a small village in the Rif mountains in the Nador province, Morocco. He was raised in a very poor family. He ran away from his tyrannical father and became a homeless child living in the poor neighbourhoods of Tangier, surrounded by misery, prostitution, violence and drug abuse. At the age of 20, he decided to learn how to read and write and later became a schoolteacher. His family name Choukri is connected to the name Ayt Chiker which is the Amazigh tribe cluster he belonged to before fleeing hunger to Tangier. It is most likely that he adopted this name later in Tangier because in the rural Rif family names were rarely registered.

In the 1960s, in the cosmopolitan Tangier, he met Paul Bowles, Jean Genet and Tennessee Williams. Choukri's first writing was published in ''Al Adab'' (monthly review of Beirut) in 1966, a story entitled "Al-Unf ala al-shati" ("Violence on the Beach"). International success came with the English translation of ''Al-khoubz Al-Hafi'' (''For Bread Alone'', Telegram Books) by Paul Bowles in 1973. The book was translated into French by Tahar Ben Jelloun in 1980 (Éditions Maspero), published in Arabic in 1982 and censored in Morocco from 1983 to 2000. The book was later translated into 30 languages.

His main works are his autobiographical trilogy, beginning with ''For Bread Alone'', followed by ''Zaman Al-Akhtaâ aw Al-Shouttar'' (''Time of Mistakes'' or ''Streetwise'', Telegram Books) and finally ''Faces''. He also wrote collections of short stories in the 1960s/1970s (''Majnoun Al-Ward'', ''The Flower Freak'', 1980; ''Al-Khaima'', ''The Tent'', 1985). Likewise, he is known for his accounts of his encounters with the writers Paul Bowles, Jean Genet and Tennessee Williams (''Jean Genet and Tennessee Williams in Tangier'', 1992, ''Jean Genet in Tangier'', 1993, ''Jean Genet, Suite and End'', 1996, ''Paul Bowles: Le Reclus de Tanger'', 1997). See also ''In Tangier'', Telegram Books, 2008, for all three in one volume.

Choukri died of cancer on 15 November 2003 at the military hospital of Rabat. He was buried on 17 November at the Marshan cemetery in Tangier, with the audience of the minister of culture, numerous government officials, personalities and the spokesman of the king of Morocco. Before he died, Choukri created a foundation, Mohamed Choukri (president, Mohamed Achaâri), owning his copyrights, his manuscripts and personal writings. Before his death, he provided for his servant of almost 22 years. Provided by Wikipedia