Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs)

• Main Author: Tomás, Juan M. (auth)
• Format: Electronic Book Chapter
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2020
• Subjects: Medicine; LAL and LER; cornea; Aeromonas; tear fluid; protein dynamics; O-antigen; Plesiomonas shigelloides; lipopolysaccharide induced TNF? factor; hepcidin; pJNK; rat; Proteus penneri; lipid A; LPS tolerance; iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1); MALDI-TOF MS; outer core oligosaccharide; inhibitor design; phagosome; lipopolysaccharide; NMR spectroscopy; Bordetellae; respiratory syncytial virus; dendritic cell; MAT; GT-B; polysorbate; Edwardsiella tarda; LPS; innate immune; d-galactan I; inflammation; aspirin; lipopolysaccharide (LPS); collagen; heptosyltransferase; rhinovirus; serum resistance; hypothalamic inflammation; NMR; IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway; glycosyltransferase; toll-like receptor; core oligosaccharide; Coxiella burnetii; virenose; oxidative stress; ESI FT-ICR; endotoxin; Salmonella; P65 (nuclear factor-?B); nitric oxide (NO); allergic respiratory disorder; bacteria; adhesion molecule; ESI MSn; endotoxaemia; HR-MAS; double-stranded RNA; epithelial cell; mouse; lipopolysaccharide stimulation; complement; inner core oligosaccharide; LPS aggregates; Q fever; O-acetylation; sepsis; chemokine; hygiene hypothesis; anti-conjugate serum; structural determination; Small Angle X-ray Scattering; genomics; mass spectrometry; keratocyte; insulin resistance; Low Endotoxin Recovery; phase transitions; Megalobrama amblycephala; Bordetella holmesii; Erwinia amylovora; structure; time response; fibroblast; genomic; sialic acid; ESI MS; reptile-associated salmonellosis
• Online Access: DOAB: download the publication; DOAB: description of the publication

The cytoplasm of Gram-negative bacteria is bound by three layers: an inner membrane, a layer of peptidoglycan, and an outer membrane. The outer membrane is an asymmetric lipidic bilayer, with phospholipids on its inner surface and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) on the outside, with the latter being the major component of the outer leaflet and covering nearly three-quarters of the total outer cell surface. All LPSs possess the same general chemical architecture independently of bacterial activity (pathogenic, symbiotic, commensal), ecological niche (human, animal, soil, plant, water), or growth conditions. Endotoxins are large amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophilic polysaccharide component and a covalently bound hydrophobic and highly conserved lipid component, termed lipid A (the endotoxin subunit). The polysaccharide component can be divided into two subdomains: the internal and conserved core region as well as the more external and highly variable O-specific chain, also referred to as the O-antigen due to its immunogenic properties. LPSs are endotoxins, one of the most potent class of activators of the mammalian immune system; they can be released from cell surfaces of bacteria during multiplication, lysis, and death. LPS can act through its biological center (lipid A component) on various cell types, of which macrophages and monocytes are the most important.