Mannose and Lactobionic Acid in Nasal Vaccination: Enhancing Antigen Delivery via C-Type Lectin Receptors

• Main Authors: Mariana Colaço (Author), Maria T. Cruz (Author), Luís Pereira de Almeida (Author), Olga Borges (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: MDPI AG, 2024-10-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.
• Notes: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16101308; 1999-4923
• Keywords: mucosal vaccines; nasal immunization; antigen-presenting cells; C-type lectin receptors; mannose receptor; macrophage galactose-type lectin receptor; Pharmacy and materia medica; RS1-441
• Source: Pharmaceutics, Vol 16, Iss 10, p 1308 (2024)

Background/Objectives: Nasal vaccines are a promising strategy for enhancing mucosal immune responses and preventing diseases at mucosal sites by stimulating the secretion of secretory IgA, which is crucial for early pathogen neutralization. However, designing effective nasal vaccines is challenging due to the complex immunological mechanisms in the nasal mucosa, which must balance protection and tolerance against constant exposure to inhaled pathogens. The nasal route also presents unique formulation and delivery hurdles, such as the mucous layer hindering antigen penetration and immune cell access. Methods: This review focuses on cutting-edge approaches to enhance nasal vaccine delivery, particularly those targeting C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) like the mannose receptor and macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) receptor. It elucidates the roles of these receptors in antigen recognition and uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), providing insights into optimizing vaccine delivery. Results: While a comprehensive examination of targeted glycoconjugate vaccine development is outside the scope of this study, we provide key examples of glycan-based ligands, such as lactobionic acid and mannose, which can selectively target CLRs in the nasal mucosa. Conclusions: With the rise of new viral infections, this review aims to facilitate the design of innovative vaccines and equip researchers, clinicians, and vaccine developers with the knowledge to enhance immune defenses against respiratory pathogens, ultimately protecting public health.