Carcinoid Syndrome and Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia Associated with Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Critical Review on Clinical and Pharmacological Management

The carcinoid syndrome (CS) and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH) represent two of the most common clinical syndromes associated with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). The former is mainly related to the serotonin secretion by a small bowel NEN, whereas the latter depends on an insulin hypersecretio...

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Main Authors: Francesca Spada (Author), Roberta E. Rossi (Author), Elda Kara (Author), Alice Laffi (Author), Sara Massironi (Author), Manila Rubino (Author), Franco Grimaldi (Author), Sherrie Bhoori (Author), Nicola Fazio (Author)
Format: Book
Published: MDPI AG, 2021-06-01T00:00:00Z.
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001 doaj_17dbd1d9dd1e4497af0fe31f6e1cf0b4
042 |a dc 
100 1 0 |a Francesca Spada  |e author 
700 1 0 |a Roberta E. Rossi  |e author 
700 1 0 |a Elda Kara  |e author 
700 1 0 |a Alice Laffi  |e author 
700 1 0 |a Sara Massironi  |e author 
700 1 0 |a Manila Rubino  |e author 
700 1 0 |a Franco Grimaldi  |e author 
700 1 0 |a Sherrie Bhoori  |e author 
700 1 0 |a Nicola Fazio  |e author 
245 0 0 |a Carcinoid Syndrome and Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia Associated with Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Critical Review on Clinical and Pharmacological Management 
260 |b MDPI AG,   |c 2021-06-01T00:00:00Z. 
500 |a 10.3390/ph14060539 
500 |a 1424-8247 
520 |a The carcinoid syndrome (CS) and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH) represent two of the most common clinical syndromes associated with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). The former is mainly related to the serotonin secretion by a small bowel NEN, whereas the latter depends on an insulin hypersecretion by a pancreatic insulinoma. Both syndromes/conditions can affect prognosis and quality of life of patients with NENs. They are often diagnosed late when patients become strongly symptomatic. Therefore, their early detection and management are a critical step in the clinical management of NEN patients. A dedicated and experienced multidisciplinary team with appropriate therapeutic strategies is needed and should be encouraged to optimize clinical outcomes. This review aims to critically analyze clinical features, evidence and treatment options of CS and HH and therefore to improve their management. 
546 |a EN 
690 |a carcinoid syndrome 
690 |a insulinoma 
690 |a neuroendocrine tumors 
690 |a NENs 
690 |a Medicine 
690 |a R 
690 |a Pharmacy and materia medica 
690 |a RS1-441 
655 7 |a article  |2 local 
786 0 |n Pharmaceuticals, Vol 14, Iss 6, p 539 (2021) 
787 0 |n https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/6/539 
787 0 |n https://doaj.org/toc/1424-8247 
856 4 1 |u https://doaj.org/article/17dbd1d9dd1e4497af0fe31f6e1cf0b4  |z Connect to this object online.