Description of the COVID-19 epidemiology in Malaysia

• Main Authors: Mohamad Nadzmi Md Nadzri (Author), Ahmed Syahmi Syafiq Md Zamri (Author), Sarbhan Singh (Author), Mohd Ghazali Sumarni (Author), Chee Herng Lai (Author), Cia Vei Tan (Author), Tahir Aris (Author), Hishamshah Mohd Ibrahim (Author), Balvinder Singh Gill (Author), Nur'Ain Mohd Ghazali (Author), Nuur Hafizah Md Iderus (Author), Mei Cheng Lim (Author), Lonny Chen Rong Qi Ahmad (Author), Mohd Kamarulariffin Kamarudin (Author), Nur Ar Rabiah Ahmad (Author), Kok Keng Tee (Author), Asrul Anuar Zulkifli (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: Frontiers Media S.A., 2024-03-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.
• Notes: 2296-2565; 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1289622
• Keywords: COVID-19; epidemiology; outbreak; variant; Cases; Public aspects of medicine; RA1-1270
• Source: Frontiers in Public Health, Vol 12 (2024)

IntroductionSince the COVID-19 pandemic began, it has spread rapidly across the world and has resulted in recurrent outbreaks. This study aims to describe the COVID-19 epidemiology in terms of COVID-19 cases, deaths, ICU admissions, ventilator requirements, testing, incidence rate, death rate, case fatality rate (CFR) and test positivity rate for each outbreak from the beginning of the pandemic in 2020 till endemicity of COVID-19 in 2022 in Malaysia.MethodsData was sourced from the GitHub repository and the Ministry of Health's official COVID-19 website. The study period was from the beginning of the outbreak in Malaysia, which began during Epidemiological Week (Ep Wk) 4 in 2020, to the last Ep Wk 18 in 2022. Data were aggregated by Ep Wk and analyzed in terms of COVID-19 cases, deaths, ICU admissions, ventilator requirements, testing, incidence rate, death rate, case fatality rate (CFR) and test positivity rate by years (2020 and 2022) and for each outbreak of COVID-19.ResultsA total of 4,456,736 cases, 35,579 deaths and 58,906,954 COVID-19 tests were reported for the period from 2020 to 2022. The COVID-19 incidence rate, death rate, CFR and test positivity rate were reported at 1.085 and 0.009 per 1,000 populations, 0.80 and 7.57%, respectively, for the period from 2020 to 2022. Higher cases, deaths, testing, incidence/death rate, CFR and test positivity rates were reported in 2021 and during the Delta outbreak. This is evident by the highest number of COVID-19 cases, ICU admissions, ventilatory requirements and deaths observed during the Delta outbreak.ConclusionThe Delta outbreak was the most severe compared to other outbreaks in Malaysia's study period. In addition, this study provides evidence that outbreaks of COVID-19, which are caused by highly virulent and transmissible variants, tend to be more severe and devastating if these outbreaks are not controlled early on. Therefore, close monitoring of key epidemiological indicators, as reported in this study, is essential in the control and management of future COVID-19 outbreaks in Malaysia.