<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and Methicillin Resistant <i>S. aureus</i> in Nepalese Primates: Resistance to Antimicrobials, Virulence, and Genetic Lineages

• Main Authors: Marilyn C. Roberts (Author), Prabhu Raj Joshi (Author), Stefan Monecke (Author), Ralf Ehricht (Author), Elke Müller (Author), Darius Gawlik (Author), Celia Diezel (Author), Sascha D. Braun (Author), Saroj Paudel (Author), Mahesh Acharya (Author), Laxman Khanal (Author), Narayan P. Koju (Author), Mukesh Chalise (Author), Randall C. Kyes (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: MDPI AG, 2020-10-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.

Summary

<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is a ubiquitous pathogen and colonizer in humans and animals. There are few studies on the molecular epidemiology of <i>S. aureus</i> in wild monkeys and apes. <i>S. aureus</i> carriage in rhesus macaques (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) and Assam macaques (<i>Macaca assamensis</i>) is a species that has not previously been sampled and lives in remote environments with limited human contact. Forty <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> isolates including 33 methicillin-susceptible <i>S. aureus</i> (MSSA) and seven methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA) were characterized. Thirty-four isolates were from rhesus macaques and six isolates (five MSSA, one MRSA) were from Assam macaques. Isolates were characterized using StaphyType DNA microarrays. Five of the MRSA including one from Assam macaque were CC22 MRSA-IV (PVL+/<i>tst</i>+), which is a strain previously identified in Nepalese rhesus. One MRSA each were CC6 MRSA-IV and CC772 MRSA-V (PVL+). One MSSA each belonged to CC15, CC96, and CC2990. Six MRSA isolates carried the <i>blaZ</i>, while ten known CC isolates (seven MRSA, three MSSA) carried a variety of genes including <i>aacA-aphD</i>, <i>aphA3, erm</i>(C), <i>mph</i>(C), <i>dfrA</i>, <i>msrA</i>, and/or <i>sat</i> genes. The other 30 MSSA isolates belonged to 17 novel clonal complexes, carried no antibiotic resistance genes, lacked Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL), and most examined exotoxin genes. Four clonal complexes carried <i>egc</i> enterotoxin genes, and four harbored <i>edinB</i>, which is an exfoliative toxin homologue.

Item Description

10.3390/antibiotics9100689
2079-6382