Influence of Continuous Rotation and Optimal Torque Reverse Kinematics on the Cyclic Fatigue Strength of Endodontic NiTi Clockwise Cutting Rotary Instruments

• Main Authors: Jorge N. R. Martins (Author), Emmanuel J. N. L. Silva (Author), Duarte Marques (Author), Marco A. Versiani (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: MDPI AG, 2024-09-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.
• Notes: 10.3390/dj12100317; 2304-6767
• Keywords: cyclic fatigue; endodontics; kinematics; reciprocation; root canal therapy; scanning electron microscope; Dentistry; RK1-715
• Source: Dentistry Journal, Vol 12, Iss 10, p 317 (2024)

<b>Objectives:</b> The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cyclic fatigue strength of clockwise cutting rotary endodontic instruments when subjected to two different kinematics: continuous clockwise rotation and clockwise reciprocation movement under optimum torque reverse (OTR) motion. <b>Methods:</b> New ProTaper Next X1 (n = 20) and X2 (n = 20) instruments were randomly divided into two subgroups (n = 10) based on kinematics (continuous rotation or OTR). The specimens were tested using a custom-made device with a non-tapered stainless-steel artificial canal measuring 19 mm in length, featuring a 6 mm radius and an 86-degree curvature. All instruments were tested with a lubricant at room temperature until a fracture occurred. The time to fracture and the length of the separated fragment were recorded. Subsequently, the fractured instruments were inspected under a scanning electron microscope for signs of cyclic fatigue failure, plastic deformation, and/or crack propagation. The subgroup comparisons for time to fracture and instrument length were performed using the independent samples <i>t</i>-test, with the level of statistical significance set at 0.05. <b>Results:</b> When using OTR movement, the ProTaper Next X1 increased the time to fracture from 52.9 to 125.8 s (<i>p</i> < 0.001), while the ProTaper Next X2 increased from 45.4 to 66.0 s (<i>p</i> < 0.001). No subgroup exhibited plastic deformations, but both showed dimpling marks indicative of cyclic fatigue as the primary mode of failure. Additionally, OTR movement resulted in more metal alloy microcracks. <b>Conclusions:</b> The use of OTR motion extended the lifespan of the tested instruments and resulted in a higher number of metal microcracks. This suggests that OTR motion helped to distribute the mechanical stress more evenly across the instrument, thereby relieving localized tension. As a result, it delayed the formation of a single catastrophic crack, enhancing the overall performance of the instruments during the experimental procedures.