Two-year follow-up of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico

• Main Authors: Antonio Loza (Author), Rosa María Wong-Chew (Author), María-Eugenia J (Author), Selene Zárate (Author), Susana López (Author), Ricardo Ciria (Author), Diego Palomares (Author), Rodrigo García-López (Author), Pavel Iša (Author), Blanca Taboada (Author), Mauricio Rosales (Author), Celia Boukadida (Author), Alfredo Herrera-Estrella (Author), Nelly Selem Mojica (Author), Xaira Rivera-Gutierrez (Author), José Esteba Muñoz-Medina (Author), Angel Gustavo Salas-Lais (Author), Alejandro Sanchez-Flores (Author), Joel Armando Vazquez-Perez (Author), Carlos F. Arias (Author), Rosa María Gutiérrez-Ríos (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: Frontiers Media S.A., 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.
• Notes: 2296-2565; 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1050673
• Keywords: COVID-19; variants; comorbidities; symptoms; logistic-regression; case-fatality-proportion; Public aspects of medicine; RA1-1270
• Source: Frontiers in Public Health, Vol 10 (2023)

BackgroundAfter the initial outbreak in China (December 2019), the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. This paper aims to describe the first 2 years of the pandemic in Mexico.Design and methodsThis is a population-based longitudinal study. We analyzed data from the national COVID-19 registry to describe the evolution of the pandemic in terms of the number of confirmed cases, hospitalizations, deaths and reported symptoms in relation to health policies and circulating variants. We also carried out logistic regression to investigate the major risk factors for disease severity.ResultsFrom March 2020 to March 2022, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Mexico underwent four epidemic waves. Out of 5,702,143 confirmed cases, 680,063 were hospitalized (11.9%), and 324,436 (5.7%) died. Even if there was no difference in susceptibility by gender, males had a higher risk of death (CFP: 7.3 vs. 4.2%) and hospital admission risk (HP: 14.4 vs. 9.5%). Severity increased with age. With respect to younger ages (0-17 years), the 60+ years or older group reached adjusted odds ratios of 9.63 in the case of admission and 53.05 (95% CI: 27.94-118.62) in the case of death. The presence of any comorbidity more than doubled the odds ratio, with hypertension-diabetes as the riskiest combination. While the wave peaks increased over time, the odds ratios for developing severe disease (waves 2, 3, and 4 to wave 1) decreased to 0.15 (95% CI: 0.12-0.18) in the fourth wave.ConclusionThe health policy promoted by the Mexican government decreased hospitalizations and deaths, particularly among older adults with the highest risk of admission and death. Comorbidities augment the risk of developing severe illness, which is shown to rise by double in the Mexican population, particularly for those reported with hypertension-diabetes. Factors such as the decrease in the severity of the SARS-CoV2 variants, changes in symptomatology, and advances in the management of patients, vaccination, and treatments influenced the decrease in mortality and hospitalizations.