Nickel ion release and surface analyses on instrument fragments fractured beyond the apex: a laboratory investigation
Abstract Background To analyse the changes in surface and nickel ion release characteristics of fractured root canal shaping instruments in a simulated body fluid environment. Methods A total of 54 new instruments were studied. The instrument groups consisted of five different NiTi alloys and a stai...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Book |
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BMC,
2023-09-01T00:00:00Z.
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