Fetal and Infant Effects of Maternal Opioid Use during Pregnancy: A Literature Review including Clinical, Toxicological, Pharmacogenomic, and Epigenetic Aspects for Forensic Evaluation

• Main Authors: Elena Giovannini (Author), Maria Paola Bonasoni (Author), Jennifer Paola Pascali (Author), Carla Bini (Author), Guido Pelletti (Author), Alberto Gualandi (Author), Giovanni Dal Lago (Author), Andrea Mercati (Author), Beatrice Mariotti (Author), Giulia Paola Pasini (Author), Iarina Alexandra Poll (Author), Paolo Fais (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: MDPI AG, 2024-02-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.

The two primary classes of opioid substances are morphine and its synthetic derivative, heroin. Opioids can cross the placental barrier, reaching fetal circulation. Therefore, at any gestational age, the fetus is highly exposed to pharmacologically active opioid metabolites and their associated adve...