High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy-Based Secondary Metabolite Profiling of <i>Nymphaea nouchali</i> (Burm. f) Stem Attenuates Oxidative Stress via Regulation of MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1/ROS Pathway

• Main Authors: Md Badrul Alam (Author), Marufa Naznin (Author), Syful Islam (Author), Fanar Hamad Alshammari (Author), Hee-Jeong Choi (Author), Bo-Rim Song (Author), Sunghwan Kim (Author), Sang-Han Lee (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: MDPI AG, 2021-05-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.
• Notes: 10.3390/antiox10050719; 2076-3921
• Keywords: antioxidant; <i>Dillenia indica</i>; heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1); nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; RAW264.7 cells; Therapeutics. Pharmacology; RM1-950
• Source: Antioxidants, Vol 10, Iss 5, p 719 (2021)

The secondary metabolites profiling of <i>Nymphaea nouchali</i> stem (NNSE) extract was carried out using a high-resolution mass spectroscopic technique. The antioxidant effects of NNSE, as well as the underlying mechanisms, were also investigated in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (<i>t</i>-BHP)-stimulated oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. Tandem mass spectroscopy with (−) negative mode tentatively revealed the presence of 54 secondary metabolites in NNSE. Among them, phenolic acids and flavonoids were predominant. Phenolic acids (brevifolincarboxylic acid, <i>p</i>-coumaroyltartaric acid, niazinin B, lalioside, 3-feruloylquinic acid, and gallic acid-<i>O</i>-rutinoside), flavonoids (elephantorrhizol, apigenin-6-C-galactoside 8-C-arabinoside, and vicenin-2), sialic acid (2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid), and terpenoid (α-γ-onoceradienedione) were identified in NNSE for the first time. Unbridled reactive oxygen species/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and redox imbalances participate in the induction and development of many oxidative stress-linked diseases. The NNSE exhibited significant free radical scavenging capabilities and was also able to reduce <i>t</i>-BHP-induced cellular generation in RAW264.7 cells. The NNSE prevented oxidative stress by inducing the endogenous antioxidant system and the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by upregulating Nrf2 through the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), such as phosphorylated p38 and c-Jun N terminal kinase. Collectively, these results indicate that the NNSE exhibits potent effects in preventing oxidative stress-stimulated diseases and disorders through the modulation of the MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Our findings provide new insights into the cytoprotective effects and mechanisms of <i>Nymphaea nouchali</i> stem extract against oxidative stress, which may be a useful remedy for oxidative stress-induced disorders.