Exploring the Anti-Cancer Mechanism of Novel 3,4'-Substituted Diaryl Guanidinium Derivatives

• Main Authors: Viola Previtali (Author), Helene B. Mihigo (Author), Rebecca Amet (Author), Anthony M. McElligott (Author), Daniela M. Zisterer (Author), Isabel Rozas (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: MDPI AG, 2020-12-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.
• Notes: 10.3390/ph13120485; 1424-8247
• Keywords: 3,4'-bis-guanidino; 3-amino-4'-guanidino; diphenyl ether; phenyl pyridyl ether; intramolecular hydrogen bond; cancer cell viability; Medicine; R; Pharmacy and materia medica; RS1-441
• Source: Pharmaceuticals, Vol 13, Iss 12, p 485 (2020)

We previously identified a guanidinium-based lead compound that inhibited BRAF through a hypothetic type-III allosteric mechanism. Considering the pharmacophore identified in this lead compound (i.e., "lipophilic group", "di-substituted guanidine", "phenylguanidine polar end"), several modifications were investigated to improve its cytotoxicity in different cancer cell lines. Thus, several <i>lipophilic groups</i> were explored, the <i>di-substituted guanidine</i> was replaced by a secondary amine and the phenyl ring in the <i>polar end</i> was substituted by a pyridine. In a structure-based design approach, four representative derivatives were docked into an in-house model of an active triphosphate-containing BRAF protein, and the interactions established were analysed. Based on these computational studies, a variety of derivatives was synthesized, and their predicted drug-like properties calculated. Next, the effect on cell viability of these compounds was assessed in cell line models of promyelocytic leukaemia and breast, cervical and colorectal carcinomas. The potential of a selection of these compounds as apoptotic agents was assessed by screening in the promyelocytic leukaemia cell line HL-60. The toxicity against non-tumorigenic epithelial MCF10A cells was also investigated. These studies allowed for several structure-activity relationships to be derived. Investigations on the mechanism of action of representative compounds suggest a divergent effect on inhibition of the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway.