Headache in Workers: A Matched Case-Control Study

• Main Authors: Reparata Rosa Di Prinzio (Author), Gabriele Arnesano (Author), Igor Meraglia (Author), Nicola Magnavita (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: MDPI AG, 2022-12-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.
• Notes: 10.3390/ejihpe12120130; 2254-9625; 2174-8144
• Keywords: anxiety; depression; sleep; aggression; diet; cholesterol; Public aspects of medicine; RA1-1270; Psychology; BF1-990
• Source: European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, Vol 12, Iss 12, Pp 1852-1866 (2022)

A case-control study including 446 workers reporting headaches (cases; 136 males and 310 females, mean age 46.71 ± 10.84 years) and 446 age- and sex-matched colleagues without headaches (controls; mean age 45.44 ± 10.13) was conducted in the second half of 2020 in a sample drawn from socio health and commercial services companies to investigate the association of headache with lifestyle, metabolic, and work-related factors. Workers suffering from headache reported higher body weight (OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.46-2.53, <i>p</i> < 0.001), higher blood cholesterol (OR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.46-2.77, <i>p</i> < 0.001), triglyceride (OR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.20-3.35, <i>p</i> < 0.01), blood glucose (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.16-3.24, <i>p</i> < 0.01), and blood pressure levels (OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.23-2.52, <i>p</i> < 0.01). In the year preceding the survey, cases had experienced a higher frequency of workplace violence (OR: 2.29, 95% CI: 1.25-4.20, <i>p</i> < 0.01 for physical aggression, OR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.45-3.41, <i>p</i> < 0.001 for threat, OR: 2.74, 95% CI: 1.72-4.38, <i>p</i> < 0.001 for harassment) and were more frequently distressed (effort/reward ratio > 1) (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.39-2.40, <i>p</i> < 0.001) than the controls. Compared to the controls, cases also had higher scores on anxiety and depression scales, lower scores on happiness, and lower levels of sleep quality (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The association of headaches with metabolic and mental health problems suggests that monitoring headaches in the workplace could help to identify workers at risk of impairment.