Case report: Presentations and cytokine profiles of inflammatory non-pulmonary COVID-19 and related diseases in children

• Main Authors: Yen-Chun Chao (Author), Horng-Woei Yang (Author), Lung Chang (Author), Chih-Wen Tseng (Author), Li-Ching Fang (Author), Che-Sheng Ho (Author), Hsin Chi (Author), Kuender D. Yang (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: Frontiers Media S.A., 2023-09-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.

Summary

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has evolved to dynamic waves of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Initially, children diagnosed with COVID-19 presented pulmonary involvement characterized by mild diseases. In the later waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, life-threatening non-pulmonary inflammatory diseases such as (1) aseptic meningoencephalitis (ME), (2) acute necrotizing encephalopathies (ANE), and (3) multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) have been reported, affecting the pediatric population. To alert timely identification and prevention of the life-threatening non-pulmonary COVID-19, we present the cases of ME, ANE, and MIS-C in terms of clinical manifestation, cytokine profile, and follow-up consequences. Based on the immunopathogenesis and risk factors associated with non-pulmonary COVID-19, we delineate strategies for an early diagnosis and treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality in children.

Item Description

2296-2360
10.3389/fped.2023.1209772