The Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals in Vials Nested in a Rack System-Part II: Primary Drying Behaviour

• Main Authors: Fiora Artusio (Author), Marco Adami (Author), Antonello A. Barresi (Author), Davide Fissore (Author), Maria Chiara Frare (Author), Claudia I. Udrescu (Author), Roberto Pisano (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: MDPI AG, 2023-11-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.

The freeze-drying of biopharmaceuticals is a common strategy to extend their shelf-life and facilitate the distribution of therapeutics. The drying phase is the most demanding one in terms of energy consumption and determines the overall process time. Our previous work showed how the loading configu...