The Springs Of Democracy National and Transnational Debates on Constitutional Reform in the British, German, Swedish and Finnish Parliaments, 1917-1919

• Main Author: Ihalainen, Pasi (auth)
• Format: Electronic Book Chapter
• Language: English
• Published: Helsinki Finnish Literature Society / SKS 2017
• Series: Studia Fennica Historica 24
• Subjects: Europe; European history; 20th century history: c 1900 to c 2000; Politics & government; Political science & theory; Political ideologies; political history; revolution; reforms; democracy; parliamentarism; europe; Bolsheviks; Bourgeoisie; Finland; Germany; Social democracy; Sweden
• Online Access: OAPEN Library: download the publication; OAPEN Library: description of the publication

During the First World War, conflicts between the people's sacrifices and their political participation led to crises of parliamentary legitimacy. This volume compares British, German, Swedish and Finnish debates on revolution, rule by the people, democracy and parliamentarism and their transnational links. The British reform, although more about winning the war than advancing democracy, restored parliamentary legitimacy, unlike in Germany, where Allied demands for democratisation made reform appear treasonous and fostered native German solutions. Sweden only adopted Western political models after major confrontations, but reforms saw it embark on its path to Social Democracy. In Finland, competing Russian revolutionary discourses and German- and Swedish-inspired appeals to legality brought about the deterioration of parliamentary legitimacy and a civil war. Only a republican compromise imposed by the Entente, following a royalist initiative in 1918, led to the construction of a viable polity.