PERANAN CLARA ZETKIN DALAM PERGERAKAN PEREMPUAN DI JERMAN (1891-1917) - Nur Insani Meylawati, - (2021)
Penelitian ini berjudul "Peranan Clara Zetkin dalam Pergerakan Perempuan di Jerman (1891-1917)". Masalah utama yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah "Bagaimana perjuangan yang dilakukan oleh Clara Zetkin dalam pergerakan perempuan di Jerman?". Berdasarkan masalah utama tersebut, peneliti merumuskan tiga pertanyaan, yaitu (1) Bagaimana latar belakang kehidupan politik Clara Zetkin?; (2) Bagaimana upaya Clara Zetkin dalam memperjuangkan hak perempuan di Jerman (1891-1917)?; dan (3) Bagaimana dampak dari perjuangan Clara Zetkin terhadap kehidupan perempuan Jerman? Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah metode historis melalui empat tahapan yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Untuk memperdalam analisis, penelitian ini menggunakan tiga teori, yaitu sosialisme, feminisme, dan gerakan sosial. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat dijelaskan bahwa pemikiran politik Clara Zetkin mengenai perjuangan perempuan disebabkan oleh kondisi sosial, politik, dan ekonomi Jerman pada abad-19. Zetkin juga menggabungkan ide-ide feminis dan sosialis dalam gerakannya. Upaya Clara Zetkin dalam memperjuangkan hak perempuan di Jerman dilakukan dengan bergabung di Partai Sosial Demokrat Jerman (SPD), ia juga aktif di berbagai kongres sosialis, serta melakukan agitasi melalui tulisan-tulisannya di surat kabar Die Gleichheit. Zetkin juga mengemukakan gagasan anti-perang dan bergabung dengan Spartacus League, serta menginisiasi lahirnya gerakan International Women's Day. Zetkin telah menjadi salah satu simbol perjuangan dalam sejarah pergerakan perempuan, tidak hanya di Jerman, tetapi juga di seluruh dunia. Kata kunci: Clara Zetkin, sosialisme, feminisme, gerakan perempuan Jerman This research entitled "The Role of Clara Zetkin in the Women's Movement in Germany (1891-1917)". The main problem raised in this study is "How was Clara Zetkin's struggle in the women's movement in Germany?". Based on the main problem, the researcher formulated three questions, (1) What was the background of Clara Zetkin's political life?; (2) How was Clara Zetkin's efforts in fighting for women's rights in Germany (1891-1917)?; and (3) How was the impact of Clara Zetkin's struggle of Germany women? The research method used the historical method through four stages; heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. For the deeper analysis, this research uses three theories of socialism, feminism, and social movement. Based on the research, it can be explained that Clara Zetkin's political thoughts regarding women's struggles were caused by the social, political, and economic conditions of Germany in the 19th century. Zetkin also combined feminist and socialist ideas in her movement. Zetkin's struggle in fought for women's rights in Germany were carried out with the German Social Democratic Party (SPD), she was also active in various socialist congresses, and carried out the agitation through her writing in the Die Gleichheit letter. During World War I, Zetkin also put forward an anti-war ideas and joined the Spartacus League, and initiated the birth of International Women's Day movements that uniting women all over the world. Zetkin became one of the symbols in the history of women's movement, not only in Germany, but also throughout the world. Keywords: Clara Zetkin, socialism, feminism, German women's movement