Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials Toxicity

• Other Authors: Hartwig, Andrea (Editor), van Thriel, Christoph (Editor)
• Format: Electronic Book Chapter
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2023
• Subjects: Technology: general issues; nanotoxicology; titanium dioxide; synthetic amorphous silica; agglomerates and aggregates; realistic exposure in vitro; nanomaterials; agglomerates; air-liquid interface; pulmonary toxicity; metal-based nanoparticles and nanowires; solubility; intracellular bioavailability; oxidative reactivity; comet assay; FADU assay; engineered nanomaterials; DNA strand breaks; genotoxicity; ENM interference; hazard assessment; database; lung toxicity; study quality; nanoparticles; gene regulation; endocytosis; inflammation; NR4A1; interlaboratory comparison; minimal information; quality criteria; description standards; graphene; 2D; nanoplates; lung; inhalation; toxicity; in vitro; Cr2O3 particles; Cr(VI) release; cytotoxicity; gene expression profiles; DNA damage signaling; DNA repair proteins; oxidative stress; cell death pathways; NAMs-new approach methodologies; ALI-air-liquid interface; BEAS-2B; A549; NM-300K; DNA damage; chromosomal damage; cytokines; TiO2 NPs; titanium dental implants; 3D spheroids; osteoblasts; safe-by-design; hazard testing; in vitro methods; SAbyNA; advanced materials; carbon nanotubes; in vitro models; respiratory tract; bronchial epithelium; alveolar epithelium; ciliary beating frequency; n/a
• Online Access: DOAB: download the publication; DOAB: description of the publication

Regarding the increasing use of nanomaterials in almost every area of our daily life, toxicological risk assessment is one of the major requirements for their safe handling. Especially at workplaces, inhalation is the major route of exposure and potential toxicity, and effects on the lung need to be considered. Furthermore, neurotoxicity associated with exposure to nanomaterials is a growing field of scientific investigation. However, not every single nanomaterial can be assessed in long-term animal inhalation studies, due to limited resources as well as political and societal efforts to reduce animal experiments according to the 3R principles. Thus, during the last few years, significant efforts have been dedicated to grouping nanomaterials, mainly based on advanced in vitro models. These new approach methodologies (NAMs) include detailed characterization of the respective materials in physiologically relevant media, but also more realistic exposure systems, such as co-cultures, also at the air-liquid interface, combined with comprehensive cellular investigations that provide quite detailed toxicological profiles. Thus, nanoparticles show differences in toxicity depending on their size, surface reactivity, and dissolution kinetics. Adverse cellular effects include inflammation, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and epigenetic alterations. This Special Issue aims to highlight the recent advances in the mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity, as well as the approaches for risk assessment, linking nanoparticle characteristics as well as in vitro toxicity to in vivo observations for advanced risk assessment.