The Prevalence of Pharmacological Neuroenhancement Among University Students Before and During the COVID-19-Pandemic: Results of Three Consecutive Cross-Sectional Survey Studies in Germany

• Ngā kaituhi matua: Pavel Dietz (Author), Antonia M. Werner (Author), Jennifer L. Reichel (Author), Markus Schäfer (Author), Lina M. Mülder (Author), Manfred Beutel (Author), Perikles Simon (Author), Stephan Letzel (Author), Sebastian Heller (Author)
• Hōputu: Pukapuka
• I whakaputaina: Frontiers Media S.A., 2022-03-01T00:00:00Z.
• Ngā marau: article
• Urunga tuihono: Connect to this object online.

BackgroundAccording to the literature, the conditions of studying and living as well as the psychological, social and health behavior-related variables, which were strongly related to pharmacological neuroenhancement (PN) before the pandemic, significantly changed during the pandemic. For this reaso...