The development and assessment of modified Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence scale among Malaysian single electronic cigarette users

• Main Authors: Aziz Ur Rahman (Author), Mohamad Haniki Nik Mohamed (Author), Shazia Jamshed (Author), Syed Mahmood (Author), Muhammad Ahsan Iftikhar Baig (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.

Background: The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) is the most widely used scale for assessing nicotine dependence on conventional tobacco cigarettes (TCGs). But the FTND does not evaluate the subject's nicotine dependence to electronic cigarette (EC). Objective: The aim of this stu...