Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals in Vials Nested in a Rack System-Part I: Freezing Behaviour

• Main Authors: Roberto Pisano (Author), Fiora Artusio (Author), Marco Adami (Author), Antonello A. Barresi (Author), Davide Fissore (Author), Maria Chiara Frare (Author), Francesco Zanetti (Author), Gabriele Zunino (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: MDPI AG, 2023-02-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.

The distribution of biopharmaceuticals often requires either ultra-cold conditions or lyophilisation. In both cases, the drug product is frozen and, thus, exposed to similar stress conditions, which can be detrimental to its quality. However, these stresses can be inhibited or mitigated by a suitabl...