Cigarette smoking and air pollution exposure and their effects on cardiovascular diseases

• Main Authors: Manthar Ali Mallah (Author), Tahmina Soomro (Author), Mukhtiar Ali (Author), Sobia Noreen (Author), Nafeesa Khatoon (Author), Akriti Kafle (Author), Feifei Feng (Author), Wei Wang (Author), Muhammad Naveed (Author), Qiao Zhang (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: Frontiers Media S.A., 2023-11-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has no socioeconomic, topographical, or sex limitations as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). The significant drivers of CVD are cardio-metabolic, behavioral, environmental, and social risk factors. However, some significant risk factors for CVD (e.g., a pi...