Association between cumulative cigarette and Waterpipe smoking and symptoms of dependence in Lebanese adults

• Main Authors: Diana Malaeb (Author), Marwan Akel (Author), Hala Sacre (Author), Chadia Haddad (Author), Sahar Obeid (Author), Souheil Hallit (Author), Pascale Salameh (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: BMC, 2021-08-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.

Abstract Background Waterpipe and cigarette smoking dependence are becoming increasingly prevalent forms of addiction globally. This study examined whether cumulative cigarette smoking and cumulative waterpipe smoking are associated with higher dependence on both cigarettes and waterpipe. Methods Th...