The Effect of Smoking on Salivary Calcium Levels, Calcium Intake, and Bleeding on Probing in Female
Introduction. Smoking is a bad habit that affects both systemic and oral conditions. Nicotine in cigarettes reduces estrogen production that can alter salivary calcium levels. Nicotine also causes vasoconstriction of the gingival blood vessels and decreases gingival bleeding. Low dietary calcium int...
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