Incompetent lip seal and nail biting as risk factors for malocclusion in Japanese preschool children aged 3-6 years

• Main Authors: Masatoshi Otsugu (Author), Yumi Sasaki (Author), Yusuke Mikasa (Author), Maika Kadono (Author), Hidekazu Sasaki (Author), Takafumi Kato (Author), Kazuhiko Nakano (Author)
• Format: Book
• Published: BMC, 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z.
• Subjects: article
• Online Access: Connect to this object online.

Abstract Background Malocclusion is a multifactorial condition associated with genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of occlusal traits, oral habits, and nose and throat conditions by age and to assess the association between malocclusion and...