Outlining the Phytoconstituents of Greek Clover Herb Extract and Assessment of Its Effect against Foodborne Infections Caused by <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>
Owing to the spread of resistance between pathogenic bacteria, searching for novel compounds with antibacterial activity is essential. Here, we investigated the potential antibacterial activity of Greek clover or <i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> herb extract on <i>Salmonella typhim...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Book |
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MDPI AG,
2024-02-01T00:00:00Z.
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| Summary: | Owing to the spread of resistance between pathogenic bacteria, searching for novel compounds with antibacterial activity is essential. Here, we investigated the potential antibacterial activity of Greek clover or <i>Trigonella foenum-graecum</i> herb extract on <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> clinical isolates. The chemical profile of the herb was initially determined using LC-ESI-MS/MS, which explored 36 different compounds. Interestingly, the fenugreek extract possessed antibacterial action in vitro with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 64 to 512 µg/mL. The potential mechanism of action was studied by elucidating the effect of the fenugreek extract on the membrane properties of <i>S. typhimurium</i> bacteria, including the inner and outer membrane permeability and membrane integrity. Remarkably, the fenugreek extract had detrimental effects on the membrane properties in 40-60% of the isolates. Moreover, the in vivo antibacterial action was studied using a gastrointestinal infection model with <i>S. typhimurium</i> bacteria. Interestingly, the fenugreek extract (200 mg/kg) improved the infection outcomes in the tested mice. This was represented by the noteworthy decrease (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the bacterial count in the small intestine and caecum tissues. The survival rate of the fenugreek-extract-treated mice significantly increased compared to the <i>S. typhimurium</i>-infected group. Additionally, there was an improvement in the histological and immunohistochemical features of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In addition, using an ELISA and qRT-PCR, there was an improvement in the proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the fenugreek-extract-treated group. Consequently, fenugreek extract should be investigated further on other food pathogens. |
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| Item Description: | 10.3390/ph17020259 1424-8247 |