Effectiveness of tramadol-including multimodal analgesia in spinal surgery: a single-center, retrospective cohort study

Abstract Background Multimodal analgesia (MMA) is recommended for postoperative pain management; however, studies evaluating the effect of tramadol-including MMA on numerical rating scale (NRS)-based postoperative pain levels and the length of stay (LOS) in the hospital are limited. Therefore, this...

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Main Authors: Misa Okizuka (Author), Ryo Inose (Author), Satoshi Makio (Author), Yuichi Muraki (Author)
Format: Book
Published: BMC, 2024-09-01T00:00:00Z.
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3rd Floor Main Library

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